GENPKEY(1)

NAME
openssl-genpkey, genpkey - generate a private key

SYNOPSIS
openssl genpkey [-help] [-out filename] [-outform PEM|DER] [-pass arg] [-cipher] [-engine id] [-paramfile file] [-algorithm alg] [-pkeyopt opt:value] [-genparam] [-text]

DESCRIPTION
The genpkey command generates a private key.

OPTIONS

-help
    Print out a usage message.

-out filename
    Output the key to the specified file. If this argument is not specified then standard output is used.

-outform DER|PEM
    This specifies the output format DER or PEM. The default format is PEM.

-pass arg
    The output file password source. For more information about the format of arg see "Pass Phrase Options" in openssl(1).

-cipher
    This option encrypts the private key with the supplied cipher. Any algorithm name accepted by EVP_get_cipherbyname() is acceptable such as des3.

-engine id
    Specifying an engine (by its unique id string) will cause genpkey to attempt to obtain a functional reference to the specified engine, thus initialising it if needed. The engine will then be set as the default for all available algorithms. If used this option should precede all other options.

-algorithm alg
    Public key algorithm to use such as RSA, DSA or DH. If used this option must precede any -pkeyopt options. The options -paramfile and -algorithm are mutually exclusive. Engines may add algorithms in addition to the standard built-in ones.

    Valid built-in algorithm names for private key generation are RSA, RSA-PSS, EC, X25519, X448, ED25519 and ED448.

    Valid built-in algorithm names for parameter generation (see the -genparam option) are DH, DSA and EC.

    Note that the algorithm name X9.42 DH may be used as a synonym for the DH algorithm. These are identical and do not indicate the type of parameters that will be generated. Use the dh_paramgen_type option to indicate whether PKCS#3 or X9.42 DH parameters are required. See "DH Parameter Generation Options" below for more details.

-pkeyopt opt:value
    Set the public key algorithm option opt to value. The precise set of options supported depends on the public key algorithm used and its implementation. See "KEY GENERATION OPTIONS" and "PARAMETER GENERATION OPTIONS" below for more details.

-genparam
    Generate a set of parameters instead of a private key. If used this option must precede any -algorithm, -paramfile or -pkeyopt options.

-paramfile filename
    Some public key algorithms generate a private key based on a set of parameters. They can be supplied using this option. If this option is used the public key algorithm used is determined by the parameters. If used this option must precede any -pkeyopt options. The options -paramfile and -algorithm are mutually exclusive.

-text
    Print an (unencrypted) text representation of private and public keys and parameters along with the PEM or DER structure.

KEY GENERATION OPTIONS
The options supported by each algorithm and indeed each implementation of an algorithm can vary. The options for the OpenSSL implementations are detailed below. There are no key generation options defined for the X25519, X448, ED25519 or ED448 algorithms.

  RSA Key Generation Options

rsa_keygen_bits:numbits
    The number of bits in the generated key. If not specified 2048 is used.

rsa_keygen_primes:numprimes
    The number of primes in the generated key. If not specified 2 is used.

rsa_keygen_pubexp:value
    The RSA public exponent value. This can be a large decimal or hexadecimal value if preceded by 0x. Default value is 65537.

  RSA-PSS Key Generation Options
Note: by default an RSA-PSS key has no parameter restrictions.

rsa_keygen_bits:numbits, rsa_keygen_primes:numprimes,  rsa_keygen_pubexp:value
    These options have the same meaning as the RSA algorithm.

rsa_pss_keygen_md:digest
    If set the key is restricted and can only use digest for signing.

rsa_pss_keygen_mgf1_md:digest
    If set the key is restricted and can only use digest as it's MGF1 parameter.

rsa_pss_keygen_saltlen:len
    If set the key is restricted and len specifies the minimum salt length.

  EC Key Generation Options
The EC key generation options can also be used for parameter generation.

ec_paramgen_curve:curve
    The EC curve to use. OpenSSL supports NIST curve names such as "P-256".

ec_param_enc:encoding
    The encoding to use for parameters. The "encoding" parameter must be either "named_curve" or "explicit". The default value is "named_curve".

PARAMETER GENERATION OPTIONS
The options supported by each algorithm and indeed each implementation of an algorithm can vary. The options for the OpenSSL implementations are detailed below.

  DSA Parameter Generation Options

dsa_paramgen_bits:numbits
    The number of bits in the generated prime. If not specified 2048 is used.

dsa_paramgen_q_bits:numbits
    The number of bits in the q parameter. Must be one of 160, 224 or 256. If not specified 224 is used.

dsa_paramgen_md:digest
    The digest to use during parameter generation. Must be one of sha1, sha224 or sha256. If set, then the number of bits in q will match the output size of the specified digest and the dsa_paramgen_q_bits parameter will be ignored. If not set, then a digest will be used that gives an output matching the number of bits in q, i.e. sha1 if q length is 160, sha224 if it 224 or sha256 if it is 256.

  DH Parameter Generation Options

dh_paramgen_prime_len:numbits
    The number of bits in the prime parameter p. The default is 2048.

dh_paramgen_subprime_len:numbits
    The number of bits in the sub prime parameter q. The default is 256 if the prime is at least 2048 bits long or 160 otherwise. Only relevant if used in conjunction with the dh_paramgen_type option to generate X9.42 DH parameters.

dh_paramgen_generator:value
    The value to use for the generator g. The default is 2.

dh_paramgen_type:value
    The type of DH parameters to generate. Use 0 for PKCS#3 DH and 1 for X9.42 DH. The default is 0.

dh_rfc5114:num
    If this option is set, then the appropriate RFC5114 parameters are used instead of generating new parameters. The value num can take the values 1, 2 or 3 corresponding to RFC5114 DH parameters consisting of 1024 bit group with 160 bit subgroup, 2048 bit group with 224 bit subgroup and 2048 bit group with 256 bit subgroup as mentioned in RFC5114 sections 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3 respectively. If present this overrides all other DH parameter options.

  EC Parameter Generation Options
The EC parameter generation options are the same as for key generation. See "EC Key Generation Options" above.

NOTES
The use of the genpkey program is encouraged over the algorithm specific utilities because additional algorithm options and ENGINE provided algorithms can be used.

EXAMPLES
Generate an RSA private key using default parameters:

 openssl genpkey -algorithm RSA -out key.pem

Encrypt output private key using 128 bit AES and the passphrase "hello":

 openssl genpkey -algorithm RSA -out key.pem -aes-128-cbc -pass pass:hello

Generate a 2048 bit RSA key using 3 as the public exponent:

 openssl genpkey -algorithm RSA -out key.pem \
     -pkeyopt rsa_keygen_bits:2048 -pkeyopt rsa_keygen_pubexp:3

Generate 2048 bit DSA parameters:

 openssl genpkey -genparam -algorithm DSA -out dsap.pem \
     -pkeyopt dsa_paramgen_bits:2048

Generate DSA key from parameters:

 openssl genpkey -paramfile dsap.pem -out dsakey.pem

Generate 2048 bit DH parameters:

 openssl genpkey -genparam -algorithm DH -out dhp.pem \
     -pkeyopt dh_paramgen_prime_len:2048

Generate 2048 bit X9.42 DH parameters:

 openssl genpkey -genparam -algorithm DH -out dhpx.pem \
     -pkeyopt dh_paramgen_prime_len:2048 \
     -pkeyopt dh_paramgen_type:1

Output RFC5114 2048 bit DH parameters with 224 bit subgroup:

 openssl genpkey -genparam -algorithm DH -out dhp.pem -pkeyopt dh_rfc5114:2

Generate DH key from parameters:

 openssl genpkey -paramfile dhp.pem -out dhkey.pem

Generate EC parameters:

 openssl genpkey -genparam -algorithm EC -out ecp.pem \
        -pkeyopt ec_paramgen_curve:secp384r1 \
        -pkeyopt ec_param_enc:named_curve

Generate EC key from parameters:

 openssl genpkey -paramfile ecp.pem -out eckey.pem

Generate EC key directly:

 openssl genpkey -algorithm EC -out eckey.pem \
        -pkeyopt ec_paramgen_curve:P-384 \
        -pkeyopt ec_param_enc:named_curve

Generate an X25519 private key:

 openssl genpkey -algorithm X25519 -out xkey.pem

Generate an ED448 private key:

 openssl genpkey -algorithm ED448 -out xkey.pem

HISTORY
The ability to use NIST curve names, and to generate an EC key directly, were added in OpenSSL 1.0.2. The ability to generate X25519 keys was added in OpenSSL 1.1.0. The ability to generate X448, ED25519 and ED448 keys was added in OpenSSL 1.1.1.

COPYRIGHT
Copyright 2006-2021 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.

Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the "License"). You may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You can obtain a copy in the file LICENSE in the source distribution or at <https://www.openssl.org/source/license.html>.